This is my reply to an article by J. Warner Wallace entitled
How Many Women Visited the Tomb?
Many of my articles here at
ColdCaseChristianity.com investigate issues and passages commonly offered as
examples of “contradictions” between Gospel accounts. One such alleged
contradiction seems to exist in the description of the women who discovered the
empty tomb of Jesus. How many women visited the tomb? One? Two? Three? It seems
to depend on which Gospel you read.
And if you do what a responsible historian would do, and read the gospels as isolated accounts as they were intended to be by their original authors, then a single account gives the impression that this really is how it really was, no exceptions. John 20, in painting Mary and the other women coming from the tomb as ignorant of what happened to Jesus body, absolutely contradicts the other three gospels which make it clear that before the women left the tomb, they were supernaturally and fearfully educated on what happened to the body:
7 saying that the Son of Man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and be crucified, and the third day rise again."
8 And they remembered His words,
9 and returned from the tomb and reported all these things to the eleven and to all the rest. (Lk. 24:2-9 NAU)
5 The angel said to the women, "Do not be afraid; for I know that you are looking for Jesus who has been crucified.
6 "He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. Come, see the place where He was lying.
7 "Go quickly and tell His disciples that He has risen from the dead; and behold, He is going ahead of you into Galilee, there you will see Him; behold, I have told you."
8 And they left the tomb quickly with fear and great joy and ran to report it to His disciples. (Matt. 28:5-8 NAU)
Therefore, when John paints Mary and the other women as talking as if they think the body was stolen and they don't know where the movers put the body:
1 Now on the first day of the week Mary Magdalene came early to the tomb, while it was still dark, and saw the stone already taken away from the tomb.
2 So she ran and came to Simon Peter and to the other disciple whom Jesus loved, and said to them, "They have taken away the Lord out of the tomb, and we do not know where they have laid Him." (Jn. 20:1-2 NAU)
That accusation that John's Mary is contradicting the Synoptic-Mary is more plausible than any reconciliation scenario you can pretend. Archer "explained" Mary's ignorance as her failing to have taken in the "full import" of what the angel told her (Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, pp. 348-349), a solution not all apologists agree with, but regardless,
if you read Matthew and no other gospel, the way Matthew's originally intended audience of Aramaic-speaking Jews would have, then Matthew's specifying Mary Magdalene was part of the group that received the angelic explanation AND quickly left in great joy to tell the disciples (Matthew 28:1, 5-8) does not permit the reader to infer that this specific Mary perhaps left the tomb before the angels appeared. The only way that loophole is opened is by the mere fact that it is required to be opened by inerrantists who desire to combine Matthew's account with the other 3 gospels, as if the correctness of viewing all 4 together was in assured accord with the gospel author's intentions.
Are the Gospel authors confused about this
issue or fabricating the story altogether?
They are fabricating altogether.
I don’t think so, but before we
investigate the narratives, let’s review the description of the women in each
account:
Matthew 28:1-10
Now after the Sabbath, as it began to dawn toward the first
day of the week, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary came to look at the grave.
And behold, a severe earthquake had occurred, for an angel of the Lord
descended from heaven and came and rolled away the stone and sat upon it. And
his appearance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow. The
guards shook for fear of him and became like dead men. The angel said to the
women, “Do not be afraid; for I know that you are looking for Jesus who has been
crucified. He is not here, for He has risen, just as He said. Come, see the
place where He was lying. Go quickly and tell His disciples that He has risen
from the dead; and behold, He is going ahead of you into Galilee,
there you will see Him; behold, I have told you.” And they left the tomb
quickly with fear and great joy and ran to report it to His disciples. And
behold, Jesus met them and greeted them. And they came up and took hold of His
feet and worshiped Him. Then Jesus said to them, “Do not be afraid; go and take
word to My brethren to leave for Galilee, and
there they will see Me.”
Mark 16:1-10
When the Sabbath was over, Mary Magdalene, and Mary the
mother of James, and Salome, bought spices, so that they might come and anoint
Him. Very early on the first day of the week, they came to the tomb when the
sun had risen. They were saying to one another, “Who will roll away the stone
for us from the entrance of the tomb?” Looking up, they saw that the stone had
been rolled away, although it was extremely large. Entering the tomb, they saw
a young man sitting at the right, wearing a white robe; and they were amazed.
And he said to them, “Do not be amazed; you are looking for Jesus the Nazarene,
who has been crucified. He has risen; He is not here; behold, here is the place
where they laid Him. But go, tell His disciples and Peter, ‘He is going ahead
of you to Galilee; there you will see Him,
just as He told you.’” They went out and fled from the tomb, for trembling and
astonishment had gripped them; and they said nothing to anyone, for they were
afraid. Now after He had risen early on the first day of the week, He first
appeared to Mary Magdalene, from whom He had cast out seven demons. She went
and reported to those who had been with Him, while they were mourning and
weeping.
Sorry, Wallace, but you know perfectly well that the quotation you gave which I emphasized above, is not part of Mark's original. Most Christian scholars say Mark intended to end the story at the place we now designated as "16:8".
Luke 23:27
And following Him [on the way to the crucifixion] was a
large crowd of the people, and of women who were mourning and lamenting Him.
But Jesus turning to them said, “Daughters of Jerusalem, stop weeping for Me,
but weep for yourselves and for your children.”
Luke 23:48-49
And all the crowds who came together for this spectacle,
when they observed what had happened, began to return, beating their breasts.
And all His acquaintances and the women who accompanied Him from Galilee were standing at a distance, seeing these things.
Luke 23:55-56
Now the women who had come with Him out of Galilee
followed, and saw the tomb and how His body was laid. Then they returned and
prepared spices and perfumes.
Luke 24:1-10
But on the first day of the week, at early dawn, they came
to the tomb bringing the spices which they had prepared. And they found the
stone rolled away from the tomb, but when they entered, they did not find the
body of the Lord Jesus. While they were perplexed about this, behold, two men
suddenly stood near them in dazzling clothing; and as the women were terrified
and bowed their faces to the ground, the men said to them, “Why do you seek the
living One among the dead? He is not here, but He has [a]risen. Remember how He
spoke to you while He was still in Galilee,
saying that the Son of Man must be delivered into the hands of sinful men, and
be crucified, and the third day rise again.” And they remembered His words, and
returned from the tomb and reported all these things to the eleven and to all
the rest. Now they were Mary Magdalene and Joanna and Mary the mother of James;
also the other women with them were telling these things to the apostles.
John 20:1-3
Now on the first day of the week Mary Magdalene came early
to the tomb, while it was still dark, and saw the stone already taken away from
the tomb. So she ran and came to Simon Peter and to the other disciple whom
Jesus loved, and said to them, “They have taken away the Lord out of the tomb,
and we do not know where they have laid Him.” So Peter and the other disciple
went forth, and they were going to the tomb.
In a very brief reading of these passages, a contradiction
seems to emerge. Matthew mentions two women by name.
And if you were limited to just Matthew's version as his originally intended audience likely was, you wouldn't leave the door open for other details from other accounts, you'd have drawn the conclusion that there were not any other women that went to the tomb, except those whom Matthew mentioned. The idea that Matthew knew about more women going to the tomb than those he mentioned, but "chose to exclude" mention of the others anybody, is total bullshit.
Mark mentions three by
name.
And if you were limited to just Mark's version as his originally intended audience likely was, you wouldn't leave the door open for other details from other accounts, you'd have drawn the conclusion that no less than three went to the tomb.
Luke mentions at least three by name but describes more. John only
identifies Mary Magdalene. You can see why some skeptics point to these
passages in an effort to discredit the narratives. How many women were actually
involved at the tomb of Jesus, and why are there variations in these accounts?
Before we examine the passages in a more detailed way, let me revisit some of
the principles I use to evaluate reliable eyewitness testimony.
And let's remember that there is no indication that the alleged gospel authors accompanied the women to the tomb, so that the gospels do not constitute the ancient equivilent of eyewitness affidavits, and it is more historically responsible to apply rules for evaluating hearsay first.
Or maybe it would be be more historically responsible to remind you that as you apply modern day American rules of judicial evidence, the fact that these accounts are hearsay means they get excluded and the burden of proof is on you to show that some exception applies. Given that the gospels fail miserably the ancient documents rule, you are washed up.
Why don't you just consign yourself to a life of creating defamatory cartoons telling the world the intelligence level of the people that follow you, the way James Patrick Holding does?
As I described
in prior posts (and in my first book, Cold-Case Christianity), even though I
accept and affirm the inerrancy of Scripture, inerrancy is not required of
reliable eyewitnesses.
That's right, but you don't get eyewitness testimony out of hearsay either, genius.
In fact, I’ve never had a completely inerrant eyewitness
in all my years as a homicide detective. In addition, I’ve never had a case where
two witnesses have ever agreed completely on the details of the crime.
Eyewitness reliability isn’t dependent upon perfection, but is instead
established on the basis of a four part template I’ve described repeatedly in
my book and on my website. But beyond these generalities, much can be said
specifically about the variations between descriptions of the women at Jesus’
tomb. Let me revisit some of the same principles we used to evaluate the
varying accounts related to the sign over Jesus’ cross:
Identify the Common Details
When interviewing multiple eyewitnesses,
You don't "interview" ancient documents, fool.
I listen carefully
for common features in their testimony. In every witness observation, some
details are more important than others; some aspects of the event stick out in
the mind of the observers more than others. In this case, every author is clear
about one thing: women (plural) were the first to find the empty tomb.
And the apologetic argument that says this is likely historically true because women weren't given a say in legal proceedings is total bullshit. It was women who normally anointed and prepared the body for burial, so women would be the natural choice of a forger trying to conjure up a plausible story.
The
women who attended to Jesus during his ministry loved Him enough to attend to
his body after the crucifixion.
Despite the fact that if Jesus was indeed crucified as a revolutionary by Pilate doing a favor for Jews, Pilate likely wouldn't have given anybody permission to take the body off the cross for several days, and would have done as normal and required the body be left there as a deterrent, then the body thrown in a common pit to be devoured by wild animals.
According to Mark, they went to the tomb for a
purpose: to anoint Jesus with spices. It’s not surprising the women disciples
of Jesus would be thoughtful and caring enough to want to do this.
But it's never very consistent with the later gospel legends about guards being posted at the tomb to prevent anybody from handling the body. And the idea that the women would set out to do this while believing the sealing rock hadn't been rolled away, is stupid. It would be like a family member today going to place flowers in the coffin of a buried loved one, not knowing who many come along and dig up the buried coffin so they can open it. Total bullshit.
Every gospel
author agrees; the women came to the tomb and were the first to discover it
empty. Many Christian Case Makers have noted the importance of this claim.
After all, in a culture hesitant to accept the testimony of women in civil and
criminal hearings, the authors of the Gospels offered women as the first
witnesses of the empty tomb. If this is a late fictional account, one might
wonder why the authors didn’t insert Nicodemus or Joseph of Arimathia in this
role. They would certainly have made the account more credible to the first
hearers. Instead, the authors describe women as the first eyewitnesses. This
agreement makes the account all the more credible. Women weren’t described here
to make the narrative more convincing (they actually hurt the account), but
were instead described because they happen to be the true first witnesses.
But women were the only gender that typically prepared bodies for burial like this, so again, a forger would find it quite reasonable to think having women discover the tomb first would sound most plausible.
Recognize the Perspective of Each Eyewitness
Every witness offers a view of the event from his or her
unique perspective. I’m not just talking about geographic or locational
perspectives here, but I am also talking about the personal worldview, history
and experience every witness brings to the crime. All witness testimony is
colored by the personal interests, biases, aspirations, concerns and
idiosyncrasies of the eyewitnesses. In this particular case the most glaring
exception in the description of the women is from John’s account. John mentions
only Mary Magdalene by name. He does, however, tell us this Mary was not alone.
When describing her visit to the tomb, Mary later tells Peter, “They have taken
away the Lord out of the tomb, and we do not know where they have laid Him.” So
even John’s account acknowledges the presence of additional women. The issue
here is not that each author describes a different number of women, but that
each author chooses to identify different women by name.
But according to John, they have left the tomb and remain ignorant of what happened to the body, while in the other 3 gospels they leave the tomb having been told in supernatural and fear-inducing way what exactly happened to that body. No attempt by an apologist to suggest several tomb visits or credulity of the women can overcome this glaring contradiction.
Why is this the case?
Once again, it all comes down to the purpose and individuality of each
reporter, and as investigators, we may never know precisely why variations of
this nature occurred.
But it is highly unlikely that the authors would have "chosen to exclude" the events you think they did, had they believed all events reported in the canonical gospels to be true history.
But John’s Gospel does seem to give us a clue. John
appears to be focused on the first male eyewitnesses of the empty tomb. Unlike
other authors, John spends much more time and gives much more detail about how
he and Peter discovered the empty tomb. As a result, the women are in a
secondary role in John’s narrative. Mary Magdalene is mentioned by name simply
because she happened to be the woman who first contacted Peter about the tomb.
Even though John acknowledges there were other women involved (as seen in
Mary’s use of the plural pronoun, “we”), he doesn’t take the time to describe
them. John seems to place higher value in his own eyewitness status than in the
eyewitness status of the women. He later reinforces his own pedigree by saying
“This [John] is the disciple who is testifying to these things and wrote these
things, and we know that his testimony is true” (John 21:24).
No, that was written by the "we", not John. John does not testify for himself that he wrote those things, you only get that by hearsay, to say nothing of the agreement of most scholars that canonical John is a patchwork of different traditions anonymously authored.
Differentiate Between Complimentary and Conflicting Accounts
When comparing two eyewitness accounts, I am more concerned
about unresolvable contradictions than complimentary details. In fact, I have
come to expect some degree of resolvable variation in true, reliable eyewitness
accounts. When examining the number of women present at the tomb of Jesus, the
four accounts could all be seen as accurate representations of what really
happened if the group of women included the following people: Mary Magdalene,
Mary the mother of Jesus, Mary the Mother of James (and Joseph), Salome, and
Joanna. This group would account for the women mentioned by all four authors.
All the authors speak of a group and some authors identify specific members of
this group based on their personal perspective, purposes and audience.
But you still cannot show that your explanation for a Mary remaining ignorant about what happened to Jesus body (John 20:1-3) despite having been earlier informed by angels on exactly what happened to that body (Mark 16:7-8) is more plausible than the theory that these accounts contradict each other. You are locked in a historical debate, you don't win or save face by merely carping that something is "possible", you need to show that your theory is more "probable" than the contradiction theory.
Assess the Opportunity for
Collusion
Whenever I am called to a crime scene as a detective, the
first request I make of the dispatcher is to separate the eyewitnesses before I
get there.
Something you'll never do in the case of the 4 gospels, especially the Synoptic 3 which are in literary interdependence on each other to some degree.
I request this so the witnesses won’t have the opportunity to talk
to one another about what they’ve seen. Witnesses will sometimes try to resolve
any variations before I get there. I don’t want them to do this; that’s my job,
not theirs.
That opportunity was lost to you 2000 years ago.
Instead, I want the messy, sometimes confusing, apparently
contradictory accounts offered by every group of witnesses in such a situation.
There have been times, however, when witnesses have the opportunity to consult
with one another for several hours before I arrive on scene. When this is the
case, and their individual accounts still vary from one another, I usually have
even more confidence in the reliability of these accounts. When people have the
opportunity to align their statements, yet still refuse to do so, I know I am
getting the nuanced observations I need to properly investigate the case. The
Gospel authors (and the early Church) certainly had the opportunity to change
the descriptions of the women to make sure they matched, but they refused to do
so. As a result, we can have even more confidence in the reliability of these
accounts. They display the level of variation I would expect to see if they
were true, reliable eyewitness descriptions.
There is at least a 30 year gap between the events in 33 a.d and the 63 a.d early date you give all the gospels. Then there is more than 200 years between this alleged date of original composition and our earliest surviving copies. Sorry, but I don't have as much faith in darkness as you do. The textual problems with 4 different endings of Mark ought to have warned you that scribes had no scruples in fabricating history to fix problems. And Matthew's and Luke's modifying Mark's wording ought to have told you that the gospel authors themselves were not above changing the witness of history to suit their theological agendas.
In my experience as a cold case detective, no two eyewitness
accounts ever agree on every detail or every emphasis.This doesn’t shake me as
an investigator and it’s never inhibited an investigation. It’s just the nature
of eyewitness testimony. Related to the number and identity of the women at the
tomb of Jesus, the four gospel accounts demonstrate the same variation I’ve
seen in my professional work. How many women were at the tomb? Five, most
likely. The Gospels are not contradictory in their description of these five
women for the reasons I’ve cited. You can trust the reliability of the New
Testament eyewitness Gospels.
You are a fucking fool to draw such a bold sweeping conclusion about the reliability of the NT eyewitness gospels, merely upon the supposition that you cannot detect any lies or contradictions respecting the number of women who went to the tomb.
No wonder you include so many bells and whistles with your dogshit arguments, you market your crap to idiots who are primed and ready to draw equally hasty generalizations. Apparently the Holy Spirit needs your help, mere preaching the word wouldn't suffice. One wonders how God got along before you were born.
Don't worry, I launch the same criticisms at Benny Hinn.
